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Winchester (archaically known as Winton and Wintonceastre) is a historic cathedral city and former capital city of England. It is the county town of Hampshire, in South East England. Winchester developed from the Roman town of Venta Belgarum. Winchester's major landmark is Winchester Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the distinction of having the longest nave and overall length of all Gothic cathedrals in Europe. Settlement in the area dates back to pre-Roman times, with an Iron Age enclosure or valley fort, Oram's Arbour, on the western side of the present-day city. After the Roman conquest of Britain the civitas, then named Venta Belgarum or "Market of the Belgae", was of considerable importance. At the beginning of the 3rd century Winchester was given protective stone walls. At around this time the city had covered an area of 144 acres, which made it the 5th largest town in Roman Britain. Like many other Roman towns, Winchester began to decline in the 4th century. The city became the capital of the ancient kingdom of Wessex c.686. The Saxon street plan laid out by Alfred the Great is still evident today: a cross shaped street system which conformed to the standard town planning system of the day – overlaying the pre-existing Roman street plan. The town was part of a series of fortifications along the south coast. Built by Alfred to protect the Kingdom, they were known as 'burhs'. The medieval city walls, built on the old Roman walls, are visible in places. Only one section of the original Roman walls remains. Four main gates were positioned in the north, south, east and west plus the additional Durngate and King's Gate. Winchester remained the capital of Wessex, and then England, until some time after the Norman Conquest when the capital was moved to London. The Domesday Book was compiled in the city early in the reign of William the Conqueror. During the Middle Ages, the city was an important centre of the wool trade, before going into a slow decline.[Wikipedia] County Hall. Winchester Castle was founded in 1067. Only the Great Hall exists now. Between 1222–1235, Henry III added the Great Hall. Built of flint with stone dressings, originally it had lower walls and a roof with dormer windows. In 1873 the roof of the Great Hall was completely replaced. An imitation Arthurian Round Table hangs in the Great Hall. The table was originally constructed in the 13th century, and repainted in its present form for Henry VIII; around the edge of the table are the names of King Arthur's knights. The Great Hall served as the city & county courthouse up to 1972.[Wikipedia, Antiquities of England & Wales] Nether Wallop is a village in central Hampshire, England. It is part of The Wallops (Nether, Middle and Over Wallop). The name derives from 'waella' (stream) and 'hop' (valley) or 'the valley of springing water'. The element 'Wallop' is first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as 'Wallope'; 'Wollop inferior', that is, Nether Wallop, is first mentioned c.1270 in the church registers. The village contains many old thatched cottages. The church is partly Anglo-Saxon, and unique fragments of frescoes apparently dating to the late Anglo-Saxon period have been discovered. Nether Wallop is home to a small primary school, The Five Bells Public House and a couple of small shops, a village hall and St Andrews Church. Over Wallop also has a church, St Peters, a post office and a small village shop and the White Hart Public House. Together the two villages and the area referred to as Middle Wallop are known as the Wallops and run in a line roughly North to South following the line of the Wallop Brook which has its source in Over Wallop.[Wikipedia] Hampshire Crime & Punishment. The attitude of society to criminals during the 18th century was harsh and punitive, fuelled by fears concerning the safety any property, however modest. Petty offenders were accommodated in local prisons known as Bridewells, whilst others guilty of serious crimes and sentenced to deatgh or transportation or those sentenced for debt were sent to nearby County gaols. Much of the criminal activity at the time however went unpunished. There was no police force, therefore for a citizen to seek restitution & judgement in the courts was a costly and time-consuming affair. Travel expenses (especially for those living in the rural areas), loss of earnings whilst at court, compensating witnesses, not to mention all the fees for clerks and legal staff (one had to pay to have a case heard in court), all resulting in a heavy cost for someone of moderate means. Criminals often continued their depredations for years or even decades until finally brought to court - or otherwise dealt with. Prisoners were quite often discharged or acquitted due to lack of evidence, the unwillingness of witnesses to attend or "no true bill". In the July 1779 quarter sessions 13 out of the 17 prisoners up for trial were discharged. Despite all the difficulties in obtaining a successful prosecution, there were some that Winchester Assizes sentenced during the last 20 years of the 18th century, either to transportation to be sent to the gallows for execution. Though a number of death sentences were later reduced to transportation. Death sentences "differed" in their severity. The usual procedure was for the criminal to be taken to the gallows in a cart - the gallows being about a mile up the road to Andover opposite Gallows Field - after the execution had been carried out the family or friends were allowed to dispose of the body themselves. More serious offenses, including treason, incurred more 'colourful' deaths, such as the infamous hanging, drawing and quartering. Of those convicted in Winchester between 1783-1791 and transported to Australia, the commonest crimes included assaults and highway robberies, burglaries and the theft of animals. At nearly every quarter sessions and assizes, the theft of animals were reported and this occurred all over the county. Mostly it was the stealing of a fowl or two, perhaps even a sheep for food or a horse to sell, but there were also organised gangs who stole horses. Gangs often exchanging horses that had been stolen in one county, for those that had been stolen in another. Prisons were not necessary very large and only expected to hold prisoners until their cases came up at the next quarter sessions or assizes, then the judges did their job and the prisons became empty. Most of the sentences consisted of whipping, the stocks, fines or being sent to the bridewell for terms ranging from a few days to a year or two with hard labour. These could all be accomplished in a few days and even hangings were rarely delayed for more than a week. Prisoners were routinely ironed or even chained to the walls or floors to prevent them escaping. Many prisons were located in ancient castles, in rooms at the backs of inns or even in stables and barns. The situation for the prisoners became worse if they could not afford to send out for food or to pay for straw to sleep on - he might even die of starvation. A very small ration of bread were given but as prices began to rise steeply at various times over the century, prisoners received less to eat from the fixed sums of money which did not rise with the times. Even allowing for the poor rations and the overcrowding in dirty conditions, there was the ever-present risk of gaol fever. The lower part of the West Gate in Winchester, part underground, dark and dank, was for many years a prison and c.1776 it was noted that more than twenty prisoners had died in it of the gaol fever in one year, as well as the previous gaol keeper. It was not until 1805 that a new gaol was built at Winchester.[Hampshire Crime & Punishment] |
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The 'Scarborough' was a transport ship of 430 tons, built at Scarborough in 1782. She formed part of the First Fleet, which commenced European settlement of Australia in 1788. Her master was John Marshall, and the surgeon was Dennis Considen. She left Portsmouth in 1787 and arrived at Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, on 26 January 1788. On leaving Port Jackson on 5 May 1788, in company with the Lady Penrhyn, she traveled to China, returning to England on 15 June 1789. She returned to New South Wales with the notorious Second Fleet. In company with Surprize and Neptune she sailed from England with 253 male convicts on 19 January 1790. Her master was again John Marshall and the surgeon was Augustus Jacob Beyer. She arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 13 April 1790, and spent 16 days there, taking on provisions, and 8 male convicts from HMS Guardian, which had been wrecked after striking an iceberg. She and Neptune parted from Surprize in heavy weather and arrived at Port Jackson on 28 June, 160 days out from England. During the voyage 73 convicts died (28%) and 96 (37%) were sick when landed.[Wikipedia] The Second Fleet is the name of the second fleet of ships sent with settlers, convicts and supplies to colony at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, Australia. The fleet comprised six ships: one Royal Navy escort, four convict ships, and a supply ship. The ships were intended to sail to Australia together, arriving at Sydney Cove in 1789. However the escort was disabled en route and failed to make the destination, and one convict ship which was delayed arrived two months after the other ships. Unlike the preceding First Fleet, where great efforts were taken to ensure the health of the convicts, the Second Fleet was contracted to private businesses who kept the convicts in horrific conditions. Upon arrival the sickly convicts were a drain on the already struggling colony. The Lady Juliana sailed before the other convict ships and is not always counted as a member of the Second Fleet. The storeship Justinian did not sail with the convict ships and arrived before them. HMS Guardian set out before the convict ships but struck ice after leaving the Cape of Good Hope, returned to southern Africa and was wrecked on the coast. The Surprize, Neptune and Scarborough were contracted from the firm "Camden, Calvert & King" who undertook to transport, clothe and feed the convicts for a flat fee of £17 7s. 6d per head, whether they landed alive or not. This firm had previously been involved in transporting slaves to North America. The only agents of the Crown in the crew were the naval agent, Lieutenant John Shapcote, and the Captain of the Guard, all other crew were supplied by the firm. The transports were "wet" ships with musty, dark prison areas that were wet due to water seepage. When passing through the tropics the stench aboard must have been indescribable, the nauseating smell of disease, of stagnant bilge water, rotting timbers and the foul reek of unsanitary conditions. The contractors supplied their own agent, the guards, the surgeon and the ship masters and crew. Most of the crew was hard drinking, brutal, illiterate and often recruited from taverns and other such places. The conditions aboard the convicts ships were gloomy, dank and unsanitary, and disease would take the heaviest toll of convicts, primary among these were scurvy, dysentery, typhoid fever and smallpox. But on the Second fleet starvation would take the highest & heaviest toll of the prisoners chained below the decks. They left England on 19 January 1790, with 1,006 convicts (928 male and 78 female) on board. They made only one stop on the way, at the Cape of Good Hope. Here 20 male convicts, survivors from Guardian, were taken on board. The three vessels made a faster trip than the First Fleet, arriving at Port Jackson in the last week of June 1790, three weeks after Lady Juliana, and one week after the storeship Justinian. The passage was relatively fast, but the mortality rate was the highest in the history of transportation to Australia. Of the 1,026 convicts embarked, 267 (256 men and 11 women) died during the voyage. On Neptune they were deliberately starved, kept heavily ironed, and frequently refused access to the deck. Scurvy could not be checked. On Scarborough, rations were not deliberately withheld, but a reported mutiny attempt led to the convicts being closely confined below decks. Captain William Hill, commander of the guard, afterwards wrote a strong criticism of the ships' masters stating that “the more they can withhold from the unhappy wretches the more provisions they have to dispose of at a foreign market, and the earlier in the voyage they die, the longer they can draw the deceased's allowance to themselves”. On arrival at Port Jackson, half naked convicts were lying without bedding, too ill to move. When the officials boarded the three transports they were confronted with the sight of convicts, most near naked, lying where they were chained. Most were emaciated with a lot dead in their chains or very close to death. The majority of the convicts were unable to speak, walk or even get to their feet. All were degraded, covered in their own body waste, dirt and infested with lice- and all exhibited the savage brutality of beatings or floggings as well as the visible signs of the starvation they had endured. Those unable to walk were slung over the side. All were covered with lice. At least 486 sick were landed (almost half of those embarked). The remainder were described as “lean and emaciated” and exhibiting “more horrid spectacles than had ever been witnessed in this country”. The majority of the convicts that hadn't died on the voyage were that ill that they were unable to walk. A small town of tents was set up at the landing place to act as a temporary hospital. The colony, barely two years old and on the verge of starvation, was forced to care for 759 starved, abused and near to death individuals. Among the arrivals on the Second Fleet were D'Arcy Wentworth and his convict mistress Catherine Crowley, on Neptune, and John Macarthur, then a young lieutenant in the New South Wales Corps, and his wife Elizabeth, on Scarborough. When news of the horrors of the Second Fleet reached England, both public and official opinion was shocked. An enquiry was held but no attempt was made to arrest Donald Traill, master of Neptune and described as a demented sadist, or bring a public prosecution against him, the other masters, or the firm of contractors. They had already been contracted by the government to prepare the Third Fleet for sailing to Port Jackson in 1791. Traill and his Chief Mate William Ellerington were privately prosecuted for the murder of an un-named convict, seaman Andrew Anderson and John Joseph, cook. But, after a trial lasting three hours before Sir James Marriott in the Admiralty Court, the jury acquitted both men on all charges "without troubling the Judge to sum up the evidence".[Wikipedia, The Convict Death Fleet] |
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St Philips. The
first chaplain in Australia, Rev Richard Johnson, arrived with the
First Fleet. For the first five years church services in the colony
were held in the open air or in temporary buildings around Sydney Cove.
The first church was built of wattle and daub in 1793 at what is
now the corner of Bligh and Hunter Streets, to costs of construction
were paid for by Johnson. The church was a T-shaped building, with a
thatched roof and an earthen floor, it
could seat 500. During the week it served as a schoolhouse where
Johnson and his wife, Mary, taught between 150 and 200 children. It was
burnt down in 1798. The same year work began on building a
replacement stone church, located on a rise of land that was to become
known as Church Hill, across the road from the present building. In
1800 the foundation stone was laid for what was to become the first St
Philip's. A brick store on George Street, which had been completed in
1798 was pressed into service as a temporary church until the stone St
Philip's and in 1800 the newly built Orphan School was used for church
services until January 1808, after which there was no Church of England
minister in the colony until St Philip's opened in August 1809. The
first part of St. Philip's to be built was the clock tower, which
was of brick and finished in 1797; this however having fallen in June,
1806, was rebuilt of stone in the same year. The church itself was
commenced in 1800, but not ready for use until 1809, when the Rev. W.
Cowper officiated therein for the first time. It was completed about a
year afterwards, and a handsome Altar Service of silver presented to it
by His Majesty King George III. 'Old' St Philip's served Sydney from
this date until 1856 when the present church was consecrated. In 1802
Australia 's first two parishes were proclaimed, St Philip's (Sydney)
and St John's (Parramatta). The first two incumbents to minister to the
people from the Church were
William Cooper, followed by his son William Macquarie Cooper, who
served the parish for a total of 60 years.[Sydney Architecture, Places of Worship, Sydney in 1848] Limerick County Gaol.
Still in use as a prison, today known as Limerick Prison. Located on
Mulgrave Street, Limerick, it is a
medium security prison, with an official capacity of 290 male
beds and 20 female beds. During 2009 the prison averaged 298 male
prisioners and 22 female prisioners. The present gaol was built between
1815 and 1821, but has undergone
extensive renovation since then. Many of the old wings have
been replaced. The original female section of the prison is
generally not used except in cases of severe overcrowding. The present
building was designed by James Pain. In 1807 the following description
was given of the earlier gaol (presumably the one Bridget was an
inmate): "One
building contains the prisoners for the County and City of Limerick. I
had recommended to the Local Inspectors the necessity for an insulating
wall, to protect the court walls of this Prison, in the angles of which
centinels should be placed. Had this advice been taken, the frequent
escapes made since could not have happened. The Lodge, intended by the
Architect for a Turnkey, is occupied by a military guard; the centinel
sometimes demands money for admitting persons to see their friends: I
once experienced this impropriety, and complained to the Commanding
Officer; it was then prohibited, but I am told it has been sometimes
since practised. The Gaol is kept clean. The imprisoned Debtors in this
County and City did not get the County allowance of bread as Felons do.
At my visit in October last, I remonstrated with the Inspectors on the
severity of this distinction, and prevailed on the County Inspector to
distribute to six very poor Debtors, whose friends lived at a
considerable distance from town. This kind practice he has continued.
The Inspector over the City Prisoners, gave sensible reasons for not
complying with my desire, but said a charitable society, established in
Limerick, took the poor Debtors into their care, compounded their
debts, and relieved them by weekly donations of money. 141 Prisoners
were tried at both Assizes; 18 were convicted, 5 capitally, 4 of whom
were executed. – 43 Crown Prisoners and 16 Debtors were in custody on
1st January 1808." At the time there were two gaols in Limerick
- the County Gaol for people who were committed for crimes in the
county outside Limerick city and the City Gaol for people committed for
crimes in the city. The two were merged when the new gaol was built in
the 1810s.[Wikipedia, Architects of the Limerick Athenaeum, State of the Prisons of Ireland for 1807, Ire-Limerick Archives] The Old Sydney Gaol
was bounded by George, Essex and Harrington Streets. In 1796 Governor
Hunter ordered the construction of Sydney's first formal gaol. Built of
logs on a stone footing with a thatched roof on the corner of what
would become George & Essex Streets, the gaol was surrounded by a
high fence and also included a brick debtors prison. The gaol opened in
1797 and only survived 2 years, burning down in 1799. Construction then
began on a replacement stone gaol, which was completed by the following
year. In 1823 the following description was given of the gaol:"The
Sydney Gaol is situated in one of the principal streets called
George Street and upon the declivity of a rugged and rocky hill that
overlooks the harbour of Sydney Cove. The entrance from the street is
through a courtyard 97 by 34 feet, in which there are two small lodges,
one for the gaoler's office and the other for the confinement of
misdemeanants. On one side of the courtyard is a place of deposit for
wood and coals, and a house for the under gaoler; and at the other is a
separate courtyard 71 feet by 20, with a wooden building at the upper
end, containing two small rooms for the separate confinement of female
prisoners. The principal building stands on a raised terrace, to which
there is a steep and inconvenient stair case, and it is divided by a
passage of 10 feet into two apartments that measure 32 feet by 22. In
these rooms there are fire-places and raised wooden platforms upon
which the prisoners sleep. The walls of these rooms, as well as the
wooden platforms and the floors, have been much damaged, although they
have been frequently repaired. The yard behind the gaol is 16 5 feet in
1ength by 79 in breadth, is well flagged and contains a pump that
affords a good supply of water; at the upper end is the building that
is appropriated to the debtors containing two rooms, one of which is 28
feet by 12 and divided into two bedrooms, and the other is 28 feet by
17; on the same side, and in front of the yard, two rooms have been
lately appropriated for the women, each 27 feet by 18, and in which two
fireplaces have been constructed there are three cells at each end of
the principal building for the confinement of prisoners under sentence
of death, or condemned to solitary confinement." The
whole site was enclosed by a perimeter wall. In 1835 a report noted the
'insecure and dilapidated state of the present buildings'. As a result
of overcrowding the gaol afforded no proper facilities for exercise or
the segregation of different classes of prisoners. At one time in 1834
there were 326 prisoners, including 62 females and eight children
confined in one small room alone. The report recommended that a new
gaol be constructed, which was finally opened in 1841 & the
prisioners remaining at the old gaol were then moved to the new gaol at
Darlinghurst. By 1850 the old gaol had been demolished and the site was
then a vacant block of land.[Old Sydney Gaol Excavation - Pat Burritt] Parramatta Female Factory.
The 'Female Factory' was the destination of all convict women
transported to the colony who had not been assigned as servants.
Australia's first Female Factory, the Factory above the Gaol was
located in what is now Prince Alfred Park, Parramatta, New South Wales.
It was a simple log walled and thatched roof construction built in 1796
and used primarily as a place of confinement for convict re-offenders.
The original construction burnt down and was replaced with a two storey
stone building in 1802. This building was also damaged in a fire and
again rebuilt in 1804 during Governor King's administration. The upper
floor of the gaol was used as a place of confinement for delinquents
and a house of industry for female convicts known as the Factory above
the Gaol and later the Female Factory. Within a decade there was
considerable pressure on the authorities to deal with increasing
numbers of female convicts who could not be adequately accommodated at
the Factory but it was not until the arrival of Governor Lachlan
Macquarie that a solution was found. Macquarie selected a 4-acre site
on the opposite bank of the Parramatta River from the Governor's Domain
to build a new Factory and issued instructions to convict architect
Francis Greenway to design a building that would accommodate 300 women.
The Factory was built using convict labour from locally quarried
sandstone and was completed in 1821 at the cost of 4778 pounds. The
walls of the main building ranged from 2' 6" at the foundation to 20"
at the apex of its three storeys. It had an oak shingled roof, floors
of 6" paving or stringbark with barred leadlight windows in the
basement and lead glazed windows on the upper floors. The first floor
was used for meals with the top two floors for sleeping. The porter,
deputy superintendent, superintendent and matron were provided separate
accommodation on the site. The Factory was often referred to as the
Nunnery and served as a refuge, a gaol, an asylum, a home for the
infirm, a labour exchange, a marriage bureau, a hospital and a
manufactory. In 1821 Macquarie wrote describing the Factory:"A
Large Commodious handsome stone Built Barrack and Factory, three
Stories high, with Wings of one Story each for the accomodation and
residence of 300 Female Convicts, with all requisite Out-offices
including Carding, Weaving and Loom Rooms, Work-Shops, Stores for Wool,
Flax etc. etc.; Quarters for the Superintendant, and also a large
Kitchen Garden for the use of the Female Convicts, and Bleaching Ground
for Bleaching the Cloth and Linen Manufactured; the whole of the
Buildings and said Grounds, consisting of about Four acres, being
enclosed with a high Stone Wall and Moat or Wet Ditch." Originally
intended as a place of refuge for the women and children of the NSW
colony, within a decade it became more like a conventional prison. In
1825 the editor of the Sydney Gazette wrote the following about the
'factory':"The
female prisoners in the Factory at Parramatta, are, by the present
regulations, divided into three classes. The second and third of these
are penal, and into one of which, as the case may be, are sent all
those assigned servants who conduct themselves in any wise improperly
in their respective employments: the first class nevertheless being
attainable by those whose conduct evidences a dispostion towards
amendment. The arrangements are as follows: First Class: Spinning and
Carding, a proportion of the profits arising from which is paid to the
women, and from this class only can they be assigned, after working
their way through the third and second classes. Second Class: The
second class is employed at the same work, but cannot be assigned.
Third Class: The third class is kept to hard labour, such as moving
earth, breaking stones, &c, and is also deprived of tea and sugar.
By these regulations, while punishment is awarded to aberrations from
propriety, the door is still left open to those who manifest a tendency
to improvement. But we must entirely dissent from the propriety of
withholding tea and sugar, those least but most essential comforts.
Women are still women, and however destitute of moral principle they
may be, yet their vileness of conduct might be punished some other way,
equally effective with that of giving them mere bread and water! This
is a system parallel with corporal punishment, and the sooner abandoned
the better. Keep them to hard labour - use them every way rigidly, but
give the unfortunate women their tea and sugar." The
Factory was the site of Australia's first industrial action in 1827
when women rioted for better food and conditions. It was also the site
of the colony's first manufactured export producing 60,000 yards of
woven cloth in 1822. By 1842 the Factory accommodated 1,203 women in
the most deplorable conditions, riots occurred frequently and reforms
were called for which resulted in the cessation of solitary confinement
and alterations to the main building. With the end of convict
transportation to the NSW colony the site was reassigned as a Convict
Lunatic and Invalid Asylum in 1847.[Wikipedia, Gordon Family History, Sydney Gazette 8/12/1825]Glebe is an inner-city suburb of Sydney located 3 km SW of the Sydney central business district. Glebe surrounds Blackwattle Bay, an inlet of Sydney Harbour, in the north. The suburb of Ultimo lies to the east and the suburbs of Annandale and Forest Lodge lie to the west. The southern boundary is formed by Parramatta Road and Broadway. Broadway is a locality around the road of the same name, which is located on the border of Glebe, Chippendale and Ultimo. Glebe's name derives from the fact that the land on which it was developed was a glebe, originally owned by the Anglican Church. 'The Glebe' was a land grant of 400 acres given by Governor Arthur Phillip to Reverend Richard Johnson, Chaplain of the First Fleet, in 1790. Financial difficulty forced the church to sell some of its land by 1856 and a two strata society began to develop: the homes of the gentry were built on Glebe Point while many workers lived at The Glebe. Gradually the big estates on the point were subdivided and the professional and middle income groups changed The Glebe from a quiet peninsula into a fashionable suburb. During the early 20th century and especially during the Depression years, The Glebe deteriorated and became shabby and overcrowded.[Wikipedia, Glebe Society] |
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Grand Intercolonial Cricket Match, played between Victoria & New
South Wales on the Melbourne Ground, January 12, 13, & 14, 1858.
Victorian Players were J. M. Bryant, T. F. Wray, G. Elliott, G.
Marshall, W. Hammersley, G. Pickering, T. W. Wills, T. F. Morres, W. L.
Rees, T. Hamilton, B. Butterworth and C. F. Cameron (Umpire). NSW
Players were H. Hilliard, G. (George) Howell, J. L. Beeston, G.
Gilbert, J. McKone, N. Thomson, O. Lewis, T. Lewis, J. Mills, R.
Murray, R. Vaughan and W. Tunks (Umpire). Spectators included Joseph
Huff, Sydney Booth & Richmond Booth.[State Library Victoria] |
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The Scots' Church of St. Andrew's, more generally known as Dr. Lang's Church, stands on the southern extremity of Church Hill, near the entrance to the old Military Barracks, and in the immediate vicinity of the Episcopalian Church of St. Phillip's. It is a commodious and well finished building, and with the gallery capable of holding 1000 persons. This was the first Scots' Church erected in the Colony, for previous to the arrival of the Rev. Dr. Lang in 1823 there had not been a Presbyterian minister: he commenced his duties in the small chapel in Prince Street (now used by the Wesleyans), on the 8th June, in the same year, and continued to perform service according to the rites of the Scottish Church, in the same place of worship until the completion of the present edifice. Soon after his arrival in the Colony, a congregation of Scots' Presbyterians was formed, and shortly afterwards it was proposed to erect a Church in Sydney, and upwards of £700 was subscribed for that purpose in the course of a few days. Additional costs as well as Lang's salary were pad for by the Colonial Government. The final service was held in the church on 5/11/1911, after which the building was demolished and the church relocated to Rose Bay.[Sydney 1848, Organ Music Society of Sydney] City Inn. (Not to be confused with the City Inn currently trading on Kent Street) Bought c.1856 by George Howell & leased to Walter Kippie who operated a public house there from 1856-1862. Prior to Howell's purchase the property was a house & yard, tennanted by William McGuckin. By 1861 Howell had sold the property to L & S Samuel, who retained Walter Kippie as the tenant. In 1863 the Samuel's still owned the building, then operating as a public house under David Roberton. By 1867 the inn had closed and until at least 1877 the building operated variously as a shop &/or a private residence. By 1891 the building was a warehouse, which it remained until at least 1948.[571] Ultimo is an inner-city suburb of Sydney, located 2 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district. 'Ultimo' was originally the name of the estate of Dr John Harris, on 34 acres granted to him by Governor King in 1803. It was named for a clerical error in a legal case against Harris that had prevented him being court-martialled. His offence was listed as 'ultimo' (having occurred in the previous month) when it should have been cited as 'instant' (having occurred in the same month). Harris Street is named in his honour. The area remained as farmland, in possession of the Harris family, until it was subdivided in 1859. At that time, most of the current streets were laid out. Residential development accelerated in the 1880s. In 1891 the population of the Pyrmont-Ultimo area was 19,177, in 3,966 dwellings. The population peaked at around 30,000 in 1900. However, the construction of factories, quarries, woolstores and a power station in the early 20th century saw the demolition of hundreds of houses, and a steady decline in population. It was a good site for warehouses because of its proximity to Darling Harbour. By 1954, the population of Pyrmont and Ultimo was 5,000, and by 1978 it was just 1,800. By the start of the 1980s, derelict industrial sites began to be redeveloped for residences, mostly as apartments, a process that continues.[Wikipedia] |
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Tumbulgum is a town in northern New South Wales, Australia. The town is at the confluence of the Rous and Tweed Rivers, 818 kilometres north east of Sydney and 120 kilometres south east of Brisbane. At the 2006 census, Tumbulgum had a population of 349. The Australian Red Cedar growing in the Tumbulgum area attracted timber-cutters from the 1840s and by the early 1860s a small community and river port had been established on the northern side of the Tweed River where it met the Rous. The town was originally called "Tweed Junction" but in 1880 the residents petitioned to have the name changed to "Tumbulgum". This was claimed to mean "meeting place of the waters" in an Aboriginal language but others claimed translations include "a large fig" or "wild fig tree". By 1885, the town had mostly moved to the southern bank of the Tweed. In the 1880s Tumbulgum was the principal town in the Tweed Valley with an active commercial sector, including a bank. It was not until construction of the rail line to Lismore in 1897 and the Murwillumbah Bridge in 1901 that Murwillumbah supplanted Tumbulgum as the major centre on the Tweed. Tumbulgum is now an historic village with many historic buildings in the town, including the Tumbulgum Hotel.[Wikipedia] |
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Murwillumbah is a town of approximately 7,500 people in far north-eastern New South Wales in the Tweed Shire. It lies on the Tweed River, 848 km north-east of Sydney, 13 km south of the Queensland border and 132 km south of Brisbane. At the 2006 census, Murwillumbah had a population of 7,952 people. Murwillumbah sits on the south eastern foothills of the McPherson Range in the Tweed Volcano valley. The area is quite hilly. The first people to live in the area were Bundjalung people. The name Murwillumbah derives from an Aboriginal word meaning "camping place" – from Murrie, meaning "aboriginal people", Wolli, "a camp"; and Bab, "the place of". Nearby Mount Warning and its attendant national park are known as Wollumbin, meaning "Cloud Catcher", in the Bundjalung language. Timber-getters were drawn to the region in the 1840s. The river port at Tumbulgum was initially the main settlement. In 1902, a local government municipality was declared with Murwillumbah as its centre. Most of the town's business district was destroyed by fire in 1907. Murwillumbah is the location for Australia’s largest-ever bank robbery which occurred in 1978 and has not been solved.[Wikipedia] |
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Penrith is a suburb in
western Sydney, located 50 kilometres west of the Sydney central
business district. It lies on the eastern side of the Nepean River, at
the foot of the Blue Mountains. Penrith was named after the town of
Penrith, Cumbria, England. The earliest known written reference to the
name Penrith dates back to 1819. Watkin Tench was the first British
explorer to visit the area in 1789 and named the Nepean River after
Lord Evan Nepean, under-secretary to the home department. Governor King
began granting land in the area to settlers in 1804. In 1814, William
Cox constructed a road across the Blue Mountains which passed through
Penrith. Initial settlement in the area was unplanned but substantial
enough for a courthouse to be established in 1817. The post office was
established in 1828, the Anglican church, St Stephens, was built in
1844 followed by the Catholic Church, St Nicholas of Myra, in 1850. The
first bridge was opened over the Nepean in 1856 and was washed away the
following year in a flood. The railway line was extended to Penrith in
1863, a school was established in 1865 and in 1871 the area became a
municipality.[Wikipedia] A description of Penrith from 1862:
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Sydney Infirmary was opened in 1816, replacing an older hospital. It was known as the "Rum Hospital" because it was constructed by a contractor whose payment took the form of a license to import spirits. The Sydney Infirmary of colonial times was the predecessor of the modern Sydney Hospital, and the direct descendent of the first hospital at Sydney Cove (1788).[Australian Medical Pioneers Index] The church complex of St Jude's, Randwick represents an almost perfect example of a typical English village churchyard with the church, rectory, verger's residence, parish hall & the cemetery. The cemetery is one of the best maintained Victorian cemeteries in the Sydney region. The church was possibly built by Edmund Blacket (who also built St John's, Ashfield), between 1861-1865. It is a large Victorian Gothic church built of masonry and stone. The earliest tomb in the cemetery is dated 1843 and the majority were between 1865 and the 1890's. The cemetery is older than the present church building and it is believed that some of the graves could be much older.[Heritage NSW] |
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Windsor is a town in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It sits on the Hawkesbury River, on the north-western outskirts of the Sydney metropolitan area. Windsor is the third-oldest place of British settlement on the Australian continent. Settlement at the location was first established about 1791, near the head of navigation on the Hawkesbury River and taking advantage of the fertile river flats for agriculture. The area was originally called Green Hills, but renamed Windsor (after Windsor in England). The town was officially proclaimed on 15 December 1810, Governor Lachlan Macquarie having "marked out the district of Green Hills", which he "... called Windsor", after Windsor-on-the-Thames. While in Windsor, Macquarie ordered the main institutions of organised settlement to be erected, such as a church, a school-house, a gaol and a "commodious inn" (The Macquarie Arms). Of these new buildings, the most outstanding was Francis Greenway's Saint Matthew's Anglican Church, for which Macquarie himself chose the site. Samuel Marsden, principal chaplain of the colony, consecrated the church on December 8th, 1822. In 1813 a report was given to Governor Macquarie from Earl Bathurst detailing a proposed invasion of the Hawkesbury River by France. This planned invasion that did not eventuate, targeted the Windsor granary in order to cut off supply to Sydney, showing the relative importance of this new settlement on a global scale. Windsor is approximately 60 kilometres north-west of Sydney, and the location was chosen because of the agricultural potential of the area and because the location was accessible by coastal shipping from Sydney. It was known as the "bread basket", ensuring the survival of the starving colony. The extensive agriculture caused major silting in the Hawkesbury River, by the 1890s the river had become so blocked with silt, ships could not travel up to Windsor from the coast. By then the railway, in 1864, and the road, in 1814, had been built. Many of the oldest surviving European buildings in Australia are located at Windsor.[Wikipedia] Pitt Town is a historic town and suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 59 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Hawkesbury, not far from Windsor. Pitt Town is one of the five 'Macquarie Towns' established by Governor Macquarie in 1810. It is named after William Pitt the Elder, the 18th Century British Prime Minister. A site for a village was laid out in 1811 but developed very slowly. By 1841 there were only 36 houses in the town due to its location being too far from the rich river flats and the consequent long daily trek for farmers to their holdings. Church services were possibly held in the Pitt Town locality from the early 1800s, however it was not until the 1820s that a purpose built building was established. In 1810 Reverend Robert Cartwright was appointed as the resident chaplain to the Hawkesbury and was stationed at Windsor. In 1814 Matthew Pearson Thompson established a school in Pitt Town and taught there until 1818, followed John Downing Wood. In 1820 repairs were made to the dwelling so that it was adequate as a school, chapel and accommodation for the schoolmaster. Rev John Cross used the building a temporary chapel. In 1825 Reverend Matthew Devenish Meares arrived on the "Mariner" with his wife & family was appointed as the Assistant Chaplain for a new parish which covered the area of Wilberforce, Sackville and Pitt Town. In about 1827 a larger building was established for use as a schoolhouse and chapel in Bathurst Street, costing £274. A single storey building, it was also used for church services. During the 1840s the congregation agitated for a new church and eventually in the 1850s a decision was made to go ahead and to build a new church. The foundation stone was eventually laid on the 30th July 1857 by the Lord Bishop of Sydney. The sandstone church was designed by architect Edmund Blacket and constructed by Thomas Collison for £1050. It is very similar to St. John's Church at Wilberforce although on a smaller scale. It cost £1050 to build. Although completed in 1858 and in use the church was officially consecrated by Bishop Barker on the 11th April 1859.[Wikipedia, Hawkesbury] Richard Johnson established the first church in Australia in the 1790s. His church, which was built and operated without Government funding, was burnt down in 1798, after which plans were made by the Governor to build St Phillip's Church on Church Hill. Governor Hunter laid the foundation stone in 1800 but due to building problems the church did not finally open until 1809. The original St Phillip's stone church was replaced in 1857 by the current church designed in the Gothic style by Architect Edmund Blacket.[State Library NSW] |
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The Female School of Industry. During 1826, advertisements appeared in the Sydney Gazette heralding the establishment of a third asylum for neglected children, the Female School of Industry. It was set up as a private institution based on voluntary support – on the British voluntary principle of charity control – rather than as a government institution like the two older orphan schools. It was run by a Ladies' Committee led by Eliza Darling, wife of the governor, rather than by a committee of government-appointed officials. The school took in girls from the age 10 to 14 to train them for domestic service. It was established in Macquarie Street in a spacious two-storey Georgian building on a site where the Mitchell Library now stands. Later moved in the 1870s to Darlinghurst Road, into a building designed for the purpose, the Female School of Industry continued to produce domestic servants of various kinds until the mid-1920s. Between 1801 and 1826, a system of child institutionalisation had been firmly established in Sydney and centralised there to cater for the whole colony. It comprised the compulsory detention of the individual until early adulthood (at the time, mainly 14 or 15 years of age), subsequent apprenticeship of long duration, monotonous industrial work within the asylum, with removal from all 'immoral and evil influences'. It was a dormitory system of child management with its concomitant mass feeding of a dull uniform diet and a rigid authoritarian form of schooling and training. Once the child became an inmate, parents were relatively powerless to assert their rights. The future destiny of their child was in the hands of the State. Children attending these asylums were readily labelled by the small Sydney community as objects of public charity. The future low social rank of the children was thus assured. By the 1830s with the strong revival of transportation, the two government orphan schools were rearranged into the Roman Catholic and Protestant Orphan Schools, along sectarian lines but still controlled and supported by the government. The Female Orphan School became the Protestant Orphan School, and the Male Orphan School (which was by this time at Liverpool) became the Roman Catholic Orphan School. Both of these newly-structured institutions housed both boys and girls in segregated dormitories. They lasted until the late 1880s. The Female School of Industry was formally dissolved in 1926.[RootsChat, Dictionary of Sydney] St. Mary's Cathedral was commenced under the auspices of the Rev. J. J. Therry, the first stone having been laid by Governor Macquarie in 1821. Considering the state of the Catholic religion at that period, and the limited means then existing in the Colony, it must be admitted to have been a noble effort of the worthy founder; it was considered even by many most zealous friends to the cause, as far too extensive an undertaking, and the great length of time taken in the erection proved the justness of their opinions; however by the unceasing efforts of a few individuals all these difficulties were surmounted, and the noble edifice erected. The Church is a vast and lofty pile, in the pointed Gothic style of Architecture, extremely plain and devoid of ornament, yet imposing from its situation and magnitude; the interior however still remains uncompleted. Beneath the Church foundation has been excavated and fitted up as private apartments for religious students, etc. The Church having been erected on rising ground; these apartments are on a level with the gardens on the east side, whilst the floor of the Cathedral is a little above the level of the street on the west. On the north side have been erected cloisters, (of a much more ornamental character than the Church itself) connecting the private residence of the Archbishop and priests, with the Cathedral. Adjoining the latter is the very elegant and beautifully finished private chapel of His Grace the Archbishop; the windows are of stained glass, and the seats are of the finest cedar, richly and elaborately carved and polished. Opposite the entrance to this chapel is the library, well stored with valuable books.[Sydney in 1848] Newtown, a suburb of Sydney's inner west is located approximately four kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district. Newtown was established as a residential and farming area in the early 19th century. The area took its name from a grocery store opened there by John and Eliza Webster in 1832, at a site close to where the Newtown railway station stands today. They placed a sign atop their store that read "New Town Stores". The name New Town was adopted, at first unofficially, with the space disappearing to form the name Newtown. Part of the area north of King Street, was originally part of Camperdown. This area was named by Governor William Bligh who received it as a land grant in 1806 and who passed it to his daughter and son-in-law on his return to England in 1810. In 1848 part of this land was acquired by the Sydney Church of England Cemetery Company to create a general cemetery beyond the boundary of the City of Sydney. Camperdown Cemetery, just one block away from King Street, Newtown, was to become significant in the life of the suburb. Between its consecration in 1849 and its closure to further sales in 1868 it saw 15,000 burials of people from all over Sydney. In 1862 the Municipality of Newtown was incorporated and divided into three wards: O'Connell, Kingston and Enmore, covering 480 acres. Although there are a few earlier buildings in Newtown, the most rapid development came in the late 19th century, with many former farms and other large properties being subdivided and developed as row-houses, known popularly as "terrace houses". With their predominance of Victorian-era houses with stuccoed facades, balconies of iron lace and moulded architectural ornaments. From about 1870 onwards, Newtown had a large proportion of its residents living in terrace houses of the cheapest possible construction, much of which was "two-up two-down", with rear kitchen, some having adjoining walls only one brick thick and a continuous shared roofspace. Hundreds of these terrace houses still remain, generally 4 metres wide. It was not uncommon for speculative builders to build a row of these small houses terminating in a wider house at the corner of the street, this last being a commercial premises, or "Corner Store". During the Federation period, single storey row houses became increasing common. From the late 19th century onwards, the Newtown area became a major commercial and industrial centre. King Street developed into a thriving retail precinct and the Newtown area was soon dotted with factories, workshops, warehouses and commercial and retail premises of all kinds and sizes. The North Kingston Estate Heritage Conservation Area is one of the earliest urban developments in the Newtown area. Its dense urban pattern was created in a single subdivision of 190 acres of the Kingston Farm in 1854, with most of the properties being further divided into narrower lots in successive years. The Area contains a wide range of modest 19th-century workers housing from the Victorian period with some infill cottages and terraces from the Federation, Inter-War and more recent periods. The Area also includes a very good group of middle-class Victorian houses.[Wikipedia, North Kingston Estate Heritage Conservation Area] Narrabri is a town in the North West Slopes, New South Wales, Australia, located on the Namoi River, 521km northwest of Sydney. As a result of the geography of Narrabri and the surrounding areas, Narrabri township is quite prone to flooding. It is the centre of a major cotton growing industry. Other agricultural industries in the area include wheat, beef and lamb. Before the arrival of the Europeans in the early 19th century, Narrabri was the home of the Kamilaroi people, who still constitute a significant part of the local population. Narrabri derives its name from an early property in the district called the Narrabry Run. The most common Aboriginal meaning for Narrabri is forked waters. History credits explorers Sir Thomas Mitchell and Allan Cunningham with the honour of opening the way to the North West plains, to the area that is now known as Narrabri Shire. However the notorious George ‘the Barber’ Clarke, whose epithet refers to his early legitimate trade, was the first white man to seek his fortune in the area. Clarke was convicted of armed robbery, for goods totalling 40 shillings, and shipped from England in 1825 sentenced to work on a farm near Singleton, NSW. Soon after his arrival he escaped, painted himself black, took two aboriginal wives and wandered the plains naked with the natives, stealing cattle. Upon his recapture in 1831 Clarke related stories of a deep, wide navigable river called the Kindur, which flowed into a vast inland Sea. The imaginative tale may have been invented in an attempt to save his life, but it was plausible enough to prompt Sir Thomas Mitchell to press out into a virtually unknown area. The Kindur was never discovered, but when the rivers rise in the great floods the land becomes akin to an inland sea. Mitchell’s explorations paved the way for the early settlers and wealth came to the area ‘on the sheep’s back’ and the cattle’s pastures.[Wikipedia, Visit Narrabri] |
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Woolloomooloo is a harbourside, inner-city eastern suburb of Sydney. The suburb is located in a low-lying, former docklands area at the head of Woolloomooloo Bay, on Sydney Harbour. The suburb has historically been a poorer working class district of Sydney. This has changed only recently with recent gentrification of the inner city areas of Sydney. The redevelopment of the waterfront, particularly the construction of the housing development on the Finger Wharf, has caused major change. Areas of public housing still exist in the suburb. The current spelling of Woolloomooloo is derived from the name of the first homestead in area, Wolloomooloo House, built by the first landowner John Palmer. The name is thought to have been aboriginal in origin. After the First Fleet's arrival in Sydney, the area was initially called Garden Cove or Garden Island Cove after the nearby small wooded Garden Island, off the shore. The first land grant was given to John Palmer in 1793 to allow him to run cattle for the fledgling colony. In the 1840s the farm land was subdivided into what is now Woolloomooloo, Darlinghurst and parts of Surry Hills. Originally the area saw affluent residents building grand houses, many with spectacular gardens, attracted by the bay and close proximity to the city and Government House. The area slowly started to change after expensive houses were built in Elizabeth Bay and further east and a road was needed from Sydney. It was for this reason that William Street was built, dividing the land for the first time.[Wikipedia] Darlinghurst is an inner-city, eastern suburb of Sydney, located immediately east of the Sydney central business district. Darlinghurst is a densely populated suburb with the majority of residents living in apartments or terraced houses. Once a slum and red-light prostitution district, Darlinghurst has undergone urban renewal since the 1980s to become a rather upmarket, cosmopolitan and diverse area. The suburb was originally known as Eastern Hill and then Henrietta Town, after Governor Lachlan Macquarie's wife, whose second name was Henrietta. The loyalties changed with the change of governors and the suburb became Darlinghurst in honour of Elizabeth Darling, the popular wife of Governor Ralph Darling, during the early 19th century. The 'hurst' is an old English word for a wooded area. Darlinghurst Gaol, the large sandstone penal complex in the middle of Darlinghurst was built between 1836 and 1840. The large sandstone walls still bear convict markings, and the complex features six wings surrounding a circular chapel.[Wikipedia] Paddington is an inner-city, eastern suburb of Sydney. In the early 1820s, ex-convict entrepreneur and gin distiller Robert Cooper set out to build a grand Georgian estate at the top of Paddington's ridgeline, affording excellent views. He named the area Paddington after a London borough. He called the estate Juniper Hall, which remains Paddington's oldest home. The district's first cottages were built around Victoria Barracks, formerly a major army base. In the latter part of the 19th century, many terrace houses were constructed to house the city's burgeoning working population and an emerging middle class. Over time, these houses filled up almost every parcel of land, causing the suburb to become overpopulated. The unfashionable nature of the suburb continued until the mid-1960s, when gentrification took hold. The suburb is characterised by an array of interconnecting streets and laneways, some too narrow for many of today's cars.[Wikipedia] Marrickville, a suburb of Sydney's Inner West is located 7 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district. Marrickville sits on the northern bank of the Cooks River. The name Marrickville comes from the 60 acre 'Marrick' estate of Thomas Chalder, which was subdivided in 1855. He named it after his native village Marrick, North Yorkshire, England. Marrickville became a municipality in 1861. The first school opened in August 1864 and the post office opened in 1865. The railway line to Bankstown opened in 1895. The station was known as Illawarra Road during construction. Later, when it was decided that Marrickville was a more appropriate name, the original Marrickville station was renamed Sydenham. Many Marrickville homes are detached or terraced Victorian houses built in the late 19th century and many others were built in the Federation style in the early 20th century.[Wikipedia] |
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Mort's Dock is a former dry dock, slipway, and shipyard in Balmain, Sydney. It was the first dry dock in Australia, opening for business in 1855 and closing more than a century later in 1959. Mort's Dock was the brainchild of industrialist Thomas Sutcliffe Mort and former steamship captain T.S. Rountree. Steam ships had first appeared in Sydney Harbour in 1853 but no repair or maintenance facilities existed to cater for the new vessels. In 1854, Mort and Rountree purchased an area of land at Waterview Bay on the northern side of the Balmain peninsula and excavated a dry dock measuring 123 by 15 metres. The dock opened in March 1855, a year before the Royal Navy's Fitzroy Dock at Cockatoo Island. Despite being the only commercial repair facility for steamers, the dock was not as profitable as expected and by 1861 Mort and Rountree had leased the majority of the surrounding land for cargo storage, minor engineering and an iron and brass foundry. In 1867, Mort's Dock became principally an engineering facility; including the construction of steam locomotives, ship machinery, mining equipment and steel pipe for the Sydney Water Board. The Mort's Dock and Engineering Company was formed in 1872, but Thomas Mort himself withdrew from active participation immediately afterward, and management devolved to dock manager James Franki. James Peter Franki continued to manage the dock for 50 years finally retiring in 1922. Ship construction and repairs continued at the dry dock and immediate surrounds, and in 1901 the company opened a second dry dock and slipway at Woolwich to cater for demand for commercial vessels and ferries. The outbreak of World War II proved to be a boom time for Mort's Dock. The 1920's and 1930's had seen a decline in the Royal Australian Navy with few vessels constructed and older ships sold off or scrapped. By the end of the war Mort's Dock was second only to the Cockatoo Island dockyard in the number of naval vessels produced. Shipbuilding once again declined in the post-war period, and revenue from engineering leases fell as firms relocated to cheaper land in western Sydney. Mort's Dock closed in 1958, Mort's Dock and Engineering Company went into liquidation in 1959, and ceased trading completely in 1968. The derelict Mort's Dock site was levelled and converted into a container storage terminal for ships berthing at Glebe Island and White Bay. In 1989, the container terminal was closed and the site transformed into a waterfront park. The remaining features of Mort's Dock were listed on the NSW Heritage Register in the same year. The filled-in dry dock is commemorated in the name of the adjacent Dry Dock Hotel, which stands opposite the former location of the gates to the original Mort's Dock site.[Wikipedia] Surry Hills is an inner-city suburb of Sydney, in the state of NSW, Australia. Surry Hills is located immediately south-east of the Sydney central business district. The first land grants in Surry Hills were made in the 1790s. Major Joseph Foveaux received 105 acres. His property was known as Surry Hills Farm, after the Surrey Hills in Surrey, England. Commissary John Palmer received 90 acres. He called the property George Farm and in 1800 Palmer also bought Foveaux's farm. In 1792, the boundaries of the Sydney Cove settlement were established between the head of Cockle Bay to the head of Woolloomooloo Bay. West of the boundary, which included present-day Surry Hills, was considered suitable for farming and was granted to military officers and free settlers. Due to the hilly terrain, much of the suburb was considered remote and 'inhospitable'. In the early years of the nineteenth century the area around what is now Prince Alfred Park was undeveloped land known as the Government Paddocks or Cleveland Paddocks. A few villas were built in the suburb in the late 1820s. The suburb remained one of contrasts for much of the nineteenth century, with the homes of wealthy merchants mixed with that of the commercial and working classes. In 1820, Governor Macquarie ordered the consecration of the Devonshire Street Cemetery. A brick wall was erected before any interments took place to enclose its 4 acres. Within a four year period the cemetery was expanded by the addition of 7 acres to its south. A road was formed along the southern boundary of the cemetery in the first half of the 1830s and was called Devonshire Street. The Devonshire Street cemetery, where many of the early settlers were buried, was later moved to build the Sydney railway terminus. Terrace houses and workers' cottages were built in Surry Hills from the 1850s. Light industry became established in the area, particularly in the rag trade (clothing industry). It became a working class suburb, predominately inhabited by Irish immigrants. The suburb developed a reputation for crime and vices. The famous Sydney underworld figure Kate Leigh (1881–1964), lived in Surry Hills for more than 80 years. Surry Hills was favoured by newly arrived families after World War II when property values were low and accommodation was inexpensive. From the 1980s, the area was gentrified, with many of the area's older houses and building restored and many new upper middle-class residents enjoying the benefits of inner-city living.[Wikipedia] Chippendale is a small inner-city suburb of Sydney, located on the southern edge of the Sydney central business district. William Chippendale was granted a 95-acre estate in 1819. It stretched to the present day site of Redfern railway station. Chippendale sold the estate to Solomon Levey, emancipist and merchant, in 1821, for 380 pounds. Solomon Levey died while in London, in 1833. Levey's heirs sold over 62 acres to William Hutchinson. The western side of Chippendale is mainly residential. Chippendale has the lowest open space per person of any Sydney suburb.[Wikipedia] Bourke is a town in the north of New South Wales, Australia. The town is located approximately 800 km northwest of Sydney, on the south bank of the Darling River. The first white explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after NSW Governor Ralph Darling. It was not until the mid-1800s following a visit by colonial surveyor and explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell in 1835 that settlement of the area began. Following tensions with the local people Mitchell built a small stockade to protect his men and named it Fort Bourke after then Governor Richard Bourke. This first crude structure became the foundation for a fledgling community with a small number of agricultural and livestock farms established in the region shortly afterwards. The area truly started to flourish when its location on the Darling River had it recognised as a key trade centre, linking the nearby outback agricultural industries with the east coast trade routes via the Darling River. Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the outback trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke hosted a Cobb & Co. Coach Terminus, several paddle boat companies running the Darling and by 1885 Bourke was connected to the rail network. As trade moved away from river transport routes, Bourke's hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a trade centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the states north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with some small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today. Bourke is considered to represent the edge of the settled agricultural districts and the gateway to the Outback which lies north and west of Bourke. This is reflected in a traditional east coast Australian expression "back o' Bourke", referring to the Outback.[Wikipedia] |
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The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon, the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii), and Latin America, and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848. All in all, the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The gold-seekers, called "forty-niners" (as a reference to 1849), often faced substantial hardships on the trip. While most of the newly arrived were Americans, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America, Europe, Australia, and China. At first, the prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques, such as panning. More sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world. At its peak, technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required, increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners. Gold worth tens of billions of today's dollars was recovered, which led to great wealth for a few. However, many returned home with little more than they had started with. The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial. San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852. At the beginning of the Gold Rush, there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of "staking claims" was developed. Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships. Wherever gold was discovered, hundreds of miners would collaborate to put up a camp and stake their claims. With names like Rough and Ready and Hangtown (Placerville, California), each camp often had its own saloon and gambling house. Some of these gold-seekers were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold—in some cases, thousands of dollars worth each day. A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years' wages back home. The benefit to the forty-niners was that the gold was simply "free for the taking" at first. In the goldfields at the beginning, there was no private property, no licensing fees, and no taxes. By 1850, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations. Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve, Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained. The new California State Legislature passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month, and American prospectors began organized attacks on foreign miners. On average, half the gold-seekers made a modest profit, after all expenses were taken into account. Most, however, especially those arriving later, made little or wound up losing money.[Wikipedia] |
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The Australian gold rush started in 1851 when prospector Edward Hammond Hargraves claimed the discovery of payable gold near Bathurst, New South Wales, at a site Edward Hargraves called Ophir. Ophir is located near the Macquarie River northeast of the city of Orange. The Hatton brothers, Will and Jack, and Edward Hargraves found payable gold in February 1851 at the Ophir gold diggings, located at the confluence of Summer Hill Creek and Lewis Ponds Creek. Hargraves was awarded £10,500 by the NSW Government. Ophir was named after Jack Hatton's father, Ophir Hatton. The Turon River was the site of one of Australia's first alluvial gold rushes. During the gold rush Chinese migrant workers built a Water Race to bring water to mining operations along sections of the Turon River. Many parts of the Race can still be seen today from places like Turon Gates. The Turon was the site of violence between miners and licensing authorities during the gold rush.[Wikipedia, Wikipedia, Wikipedia, Gold Net] |
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Millers Point is located on the southern shore of Sydney Harbour, beside Darling Harbour, adjacent to The Rocks. A small mill that was owned by Jack Leighton was located here. The area became known as Jack, the Miller's Point. Windmill Street was one of the first streets in Miller's Point, running to three windmills operated by Jack Leighton from c.1815. In 1833 Governor Bourke granted the Catholic Church land at Millers Point for the construction of a school house that could serve as a chapel on Sundays. The Colonial Architect, Ambrose Hallen in consultation with Bishop Ullathorne, designed the school building which was completed by May, 1835. It was a one story building constructed in sandstone with two rooms that could be opened into one. St Brigid's Millers Point is the oldest existing place of Catholic worship in Australia. The school was closed in 1992 but the church continues to be used by the local community. The current Sydney Observatory building on Observatory Hill was completed in 1858 by English astronomer and clergyman William Scott. Two separate pubs in the area claim to be Sydney's oldest surviving pubs, the Lord Nelson at Millers Point and the Fortune of War nearby at The Rocks.[Wikipedia, City of Sydney] Surry Hills. By the early 1830s a village had begun to take shape, accelerated by the economic boom of the 1830s, which saw mercantile profits increasingly turned to investment in land. Subdivisions began to occur. Because of its proximity to the spreading Sydney Town, the once-neglected sand and swamp of Surry Hills became more desirable as a residential area. The growing number of subdivisions would lead, by the 1860s, to an advancing tide of the terrace houses that would come to dominate the Surry Hills skyline. In 1849, the whole of Surry Hills and Woolloomooloo combined could boast only 800 houses, but within 10 years, the housing stock of Surry Hills alone had grown to 1,900, and by the 1890s the district had reached its zenith as a residential area. By then, the tangled network of streets was crammed with nearly 5,300 dwellings in the long rows of brick double-storey terraces that came to characterise Surry Hills in its prime. Indeed, the 40 years between the gold rushes of the early 1850s and the depression of the early 1890s saw the making of Surry Hills as a residential district, with the surges in house-building activity coinciding with periods of economic boom. Four short decades transformed Surry Hills from a scattered collection of villages, interspersed by scrubby paddocks and the occasional mansion, linked by unformed streets that were not much more than glorified sand tracks, into one of the city's most populous districts. In 1891, Cook Ward, which covered Surry Hills and Moore Park, accounted for nearly 28 per cent of the population of the Sydney municipal area. But as population increased and houses became more closely packed, there was a corresponding deterioration in the level of amenity and quality of life for the suburb's residents. With inadequate powers granted to it by the colonial legislature, the Sydney Municipal Council was unable to force landlords and speculative builders to connect even new houses to the water supplies, and the provision of formed roads through the area, and of sewerage and drainage, was exasperatingly slow, largely because of the shortage of funds. Even the completion of the Crown Street Reservoir in 1859, while it brought some relief, could not stop the apparent 'decline' of the suburb, so that by the turn of the century it had blossomed into the archetypal slum of Edwardian Sydney. This situation was exacerbated by the 1890s depression, which badly affected the local economy, ensuring that pawnshops had a growing business. In the 1850s the social mix of the district was still fairly evenly spread, but the 1860s and 1870s saw subtle changes, as a growing number of mechanics, skilled artisans and shopkeepers came to dominate local life, displacing the declining gentry. At the counters of the corner shops, in the offices of the small factories and workshops, from the front pews of the Sunday morning congregations, and especially on their weekly rounds as rent-collecting landlords, their positions in the social and economic hierarchy of the close-knit community were confirmed. In 1871, 46 per cent of all Surry Hills landlords also lived within the suburb. Despite the rapidity of development over these decades, parts of Surry Hills still retained their village atmosphere, and the local economy was quite varied. There was, of course, a strong building trade, using locally produced materials to build the suburb's housing; market gardening remained scattered throughout the area; there were coach-building works employing blacksmiths, bodymakers, coach painters and upholsterers, as well as saddlers and harness makers. Tanning and currying were also prominent in the area, with many firms appearing after legislation evicted them from the city proper. Their foul odour and noxious effluent flowed through the area for decades. The clothing or rag trade was also prominent in Surry Hills, usually through outwork or piecework systems, and in the houses off the narrow lanes of Surry Hills women ran up slop garments for Dawson's of Brickfield Hill or Cohen Brothers of Goulburn Street, in an effort to supplement often inadequate family incomes.[Dictionary of Sydney] |
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Stanmore is a suburb in the inner-west of Sydney, 6 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district. Stanmore was named by a prosperous saddler, John Jones, who purchased land in 1835 where Newington College now stands and called it the Stanmore Estate. Jones named it after his birthplace of Stanmore, a north London suburb. Land in the present Stanmore area was first allocated to colonial officers by Governor Phillip between 1793 and 1810. Thomas Rowley owned Kingston Farm which occupied the eastern half of Stanmore and much of Newtown, and a portion of George Johnston's Annandale estate covered the area south of Parramatta Road containing Annandale House built in 1799 on the hill between Macaulay and Albany Roads. The first Norfolk pines on the Australian mainland were planted along the line of Percival Road, leading to Parramatta Road by Lt Colonel George Johnston. In 1855, the railway divided Stanmore in to areas known as North and West Kingston north of the railway, and South Kingston south of the railway. The Kingston Farm had been sold to James Holt in 1835, and North Kingston was subdivided in 1854. South Kingston was slowly subdivided from 1857 with isolated large houses built between 1860 and 1870. It was not until the late 19th century that the name Stanmore came into more regular use, replacing Kingston. In 1878, Stanmore railway station was established and the streets west of Percival Road were laid out.[Wikipedia] |
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Howard Smith Co. Captain William Howard Smith arrived in Melbourne in 1854 aboard the steamer 'Express' as Captain and part owner with engineer S B Skinner. The Express worked the Melbourne - Geelong Port Phillip bay trade, considered as the first regular passenger service on the Australian coast. In 1862 Howard sold his half share and returned to to England. He returned to Launceston in 1864 with his family and then operated a regular inter colonial passenger and cargo service between Melbourne, Sydney and Newcastle on the 'Kieff', which was renamed 'You Yangs'. A second vessel was purchased in 1867, the 'Dandenong'. Smith & his partners formed the Melbourne Steamship Company in 1869, acquiring several vessels until 1883 when the company was dissolved, by which time there were regular services to Sydney, Newcastle, Maryborough, Adelaide, Brisbane and Rockhampton. Smith took with him at least two steamers, the Edina and the Rodondo, and in October 1883 "W Howard Smith & Sons Ltd.", was formed. In 1901 "Howard Smith Limited" came into being and in 1913 the company was renamed Australian Steamships Limited. Coastal routes rapidly expanded until 1947 when the company's involvement in the inter colonial passenger trade ceased. After which the company was involved in the towage, salvage and stevedoring industries. In 1961 the Melbourne Steamship Co. was taken over by Howard Smith. Howard Smith Co withdrew from the traditonal shipping business in 1996 and from the towage industry in 2001 and the company was taken over by Wesfarmers.[The Ships List, Flotilla Australia] |
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St David's, Surry Hills, was located at 17 Arthur Street. The church has been deconsecrated and was converted into an office building. On 16th September 1956 TCN Channel 9 commenced broadcasting black & white television from St David's Anglican Church Hall. St David's church organ was installed in 1880 and in 1972 was restored and relocated to St Mark's, Wollongong.[Rootsweb, Organ Historical Trust] Nyngan is a town in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2006 census, Nyngan had a population of 1,975. Nyngan is situated on the Bogan River between Narromine and Bourke, on the junction of the Mitchell Highway and Barrier Highway, 583 km north-west of Sydney. The Barrier Highway starts at Nyngan, and runs west to Cobar and on through Wilcannia and Broken Hill into South Australia. It is on the Main Western railway line of New South Wales but is no longer served by passenger trains. The line remains open to freight traffic. Thomas Mitchell explored the Bogan River in 1835, camping on the future townsite. He recorded the local Aboriginal word nyingan, said to mean 'long pond of water'. Squatters had settled in Mitchell's wake before he had begun his return journey.[Wikipedia] Rockdale is a suburb in southern Sydney, 13 kilometres south of the Sydney central business district and is part of the St George area. Rockdale was known by Europeans as Frog Hollow, then White Gum Flat and later West Botany. West Botany Municipality was declared 13 January 1871 and had two wards, West Botany and Arncliffe. A council chambers was built in 1872 on Rocky Point Road, Arncliffe and was used until 1888 when a new building was erected on the site of the present Rockdale Town Hall. There was a suggestion that the area become the Municipality of Scarborough but the name Rockdale was suggested by pioneer Mary Ann Geeves, postmistress and tollgate keeper and was officially adopted in 1887. Residential development began with the opening of the railway in 1884.[Wikipedia] Cootamundra is a town in the South West Slopes region of New South Wales, within the Riverina. It is located on the Olympic Highway at the point where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra. The land where Cootamundra now stands is a part of the Wiradjuri tribal lands, and the name Cootamundra is probably derived from the Wiradjuri word guudhamang, meaning "turtle". Cootamundra was first settled in the 1830's. The town was built on what was originally a stock station called "Cootamondra" owned by pioneer, John Hurley. By the 1860's settlement about the station had increased to such an extent that a certain amount of town planning was necessary. The town was surveyed as the "village of Cootamundry" and the plan was approved in 1861, the first lots being sold in early 1862. Like many other towns in the Riverina, it was originally populated by those attracted by the gold rush of the 1860s, but became a quiet yet prosperous agricultural community after the local deposits were exhausted. Cootamundra and district have always produced good beef, lamb, wool and rich crops of grain. The railway came through in 1877 encouraging the further growth of pastoral and related industries.[Wikipedia, Cootamundra] |
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Araluen is a small town near Braidwood in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. It lies in the valley of Araluen creek, that joins the Deua River at roughly the mid point in its course. The name 'Araluen' meant 'water lily' or 'place of the water lilies' in the local aboriginal dialect. At the time of European settlement Araluen was described as a broad alluvial valley with many natural billabongs covered with water lilies. The natural landscape of Araluen Creek and its valley was completely destroyed by gold mining during the 'gold rush' in the latter half of the 19th century. The town experienced a decline after a flash flood in 1860 virtually destroyed the town, killing 24 people. The first European settler, Henry Burnell, arrived in 1835 and soon purchased over 1000 acres from the government. On this land he ran sheep and cattle assisted by a grant of assigned convicts. The discovery of gold in September 1851 by Alexander Waddell saw the population boom. Within months of the discovery hundreds of miners had descended on the valley and a number of tent cities had sprung up. The only access to the valley at the time was by way of a track so steep that goods traversed it by being dragged up and down on sleds. Later a road was cut up to Majors Creek which, because it was the route gold shipments took, soon became infested with bushrangers. Early miners panned for gold in the river and creeks, and when this ran out a water race was built in 1855 by ex-Californian miners to wash away the overburden along the creeks and reach the gold, sometimes to a depth of over 12 metres. In the 1860s and 70s Araluen was booming with over 4000 people in the valley, and a reputation of being one of the richest goldfields in Australia. Gold worth almost $1 million per month in today's values was being taken from the mines. In the 1860s there were as many as 20 pubs on the fields, which contributed to the disordliness of those wild and reckless days. By the 70s some 20 butcher shops, plus general stores, bakers, shoemakers, blacksmiths, other merchants and a small number of churches served the needs of the population. The notorious Ben Hall and his gang unsuccessfully tried to hold up the gold coach at Majors Creek Mountain in 1862. (Most gold was taken out by coach or dray to Braidwood then on to Goulburn, with a police escort to protect the gold which had by this time usually been bought by Government asseyors). As time went by the gold at Araluen became more difficult to win, as it had no reef mines, but the fields remained productive up to the 1920s. Since then the miners have left and the valley has reverted to its pastoral origins, increased by the families and descendants of former miners who have taken up smaller farms there.[Wikipedia, Argyle Country] |
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Bathurst Street is a
cross street in the Central Business District of Sydney. It is situated
in the southern portion of the Sydney central business district and
runs from Darling Harbour in the west, across the ridge where it
crosses George Street, and then on to Elizabeth Street in the east at
Hyde Park. It is 650 metres long. At the eastern end of Bathurst Street
is an obelisk which was erected in 1857 and unveiled by the Mayor,
George Thornton. The monument is actually a sewer vent, and soon the
joke around town was to call it 'Thornton’s Scent Bottle'. The obelisk
is an example of the Victorian Egyptian style and was based on
Cleopatra's Needle in London.[Wikipedia] Little Coogee.
Clovelly is a beachside suburb in south-eastern Sydney, 8 kilometres
south-east of the Sydney central business district. Clovelly is a
mainly residential suburb on Clovelly Bay. Clovelly Beach is a small
beach that sits on the end of the narrow bay. The bay is home to one of
the first surf lifesaving clubs in the world, Clovelly Surf Life Saving
Club, which was founded in 1906. Originally known as Little Coogee, the
name was changed to Clovelly in 1913. When the search for a new name
began, Eastbourne, an English seaside town was suggested. The president
of the local progress association suggested Clovelly, the name of a
local estate owned by Sir John Robertson, which was named for the
village of Clovelly on the north Devon coast, England. William Greville
bought 20 acres, which included the whole bay frontage, for 40 pounds
in 1834. Early Clovelly houses were modest and built in a simple style.
Some survived around Northumberland, Campbell and Boundary Streets near
Waverley Cemetery and also further west. Massive subdivision began in
1909 into residential blocks, forming the basis of today's suburb.[Wikipedia] |
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The original St Andrew’s Scots Church was built in 1835 and located behind the present St Andrew’s Cathedral. It was the second Scots Church in Sydney.[Sydney in the 19th Century] Surry Hills is an inner-city suburb of Sydney. It is located immediately south-east of the Sydney central business district. Surry Hills is surrounded by the suburbs of Darlinghurst to the north, Chippendale and Haymarket to the west, Moore Park and Paddington to the east and Redfern to the south. The first land grants in Surry Hills were made in the 1790s. Major Joseph Foveaux received 105 acres. His property was known as Surry Hills Farm, after the Surrey Hills in Surrey, England. Foveaux Street is named in his honour. Commissary John Palmer received 90 acres. He called the property George Farm and in 1800 Palmer also bought Foveaux's farm. In 1792, the boundaries of the Sydney Cove settlement were established between the head of Cockle Bay to the head of Woolloomooloo Bay. West of the boundary, which included present-day Surry Hills, was considered suitable for farming and was granted to military officers and free settlers. After Palmer's political failures, his reduced financial circumstances forced the first subdivision and sale of his estate in 1814. Isaac Nichols bought Allotment 20, comprising over 6 acres. Due to the hilly terrain, much of the suburb was considered remote and 'inhospitable'. In the early years of the nineteenth century the area around what is now Prince Alfred Park was undeveloped land known as the Government Paddocks or Cleveland Paddocks. A few villas were built in the suburb in the late 1820s. The suburb remained one of contrasts for much of the nineteenth century, with the homes of wealthy merchants mixed with that of the commercial and working classes. In 1820, Governor Macquarie ordered the consecration of the Devonshire Street Cemetery. A brick wall was erected before any interments took place to enclose its four acres. Within a four year period the cemetery was expanded by the addition of seven acres to its south. A road was formed along the southern boundary of the cemetery in the first half of the 1830s and was called Devonshire Street The Devonshire Street cemetery, where many of the early settlers were buried, was later moved to build the Sydney railway terminus. Central railway station was opened in 1906. The area around Cleveland and Elizabeth streets was known as Strawberry Hills. Strawberry Hills post office was located at this intersection for many years. In 1833, the Nichol's estate was subdivided and sold. One purchase was by Thomas Broughton and subsequently acquired by George Hill who constructed Durham Hall on this and adjoining lots. Terrace houses and workers' cottages were built in Surry Hills from the 1850s. Light industry became established in the area, particularly in the rag trade (clothing industry). It became a working class suburb, predominately inhabited by Irish immigrants. The suburb developed a reputation for crime and vices. Surry Hills was favoured by newly arrived families after World War II when property values were low and accommodation was inexpensive. From the 1980s, the area was gentrified, with many of the area's older houses and building restored and many new upper middle-class residents enjoying the benefits of inner-city living.[Wikipedia] |
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The Wesleyan Methodist Church, Bourke Street, Surry Hills was an exceptionally imposing building with a seating capacity of over 1,200. In 1950 demographic changes caused the closure of the building for services and the building lay dormant for almost 30 years. The Wesley Central Mission redeveloped the site as "Edward Eager Lodge", a hostel for homeless people,m in the late 1970s, retaining the Bourke Street Church as a heritage item.[Wesley Uniting Church] |
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Coal was recorded at Mount Keira in 1839 by the Rev W. B. Clarke. In 1848 James Shoobert, a retired sea captain, drove a tunnel into what is now known as the No. 3 (Wongawilli) seam. He then observed an outcrop of the No. 2 (Balgownie or 4-ft) seam, in which the coal was of better quality, and drove tunnels into it in 1849 and 1850. This was known as the Albert Coal Mine and was the first in the Illawarra. Shoobert lacked the capital to develop the mine and in 1856 sold it by auction to Henry Osborne. In April 1857 a new tunnel was opened into the higher No 1 (Bulli) seam a short distance away by William Robson for Osborne and called the Osborne Wallsend Colliery. On 16 April 1857 the first 3.5 tons of coal from the new mine was delivered to the wharf at Wollongong’s Belmore Basin by bullock team for trial in the S.S. Illawarra. Keira coal gained a reputation for being superior to any other coal, and by the 1870s large shipments were being made to Sydney, India and parts of Asia. Coal was originally forked into approximately 1 ton capacity wooden skips, hauled to the surface by horse and then carted down the mountain by a track joining Mount Keira Road near Hurt Street. Later improvements include a Main and Tail Rope Haulage installation to bring coal to the surface, and a self acting skip incline (that is, empty skips hauled up to the mine by the descending loaded skips) to transport the coal to the foot of the mountain at what is now Gooyong Street, Keiraville. In May 1861 a narrow gauge tramway was constructed from the incline to Belmore Basin (Wollongong Harbour) after the Mount Keira Tramways Act was passed by parliament. In 1878 the tramroad was widened to standard gauge and horse teams used for hauling the coal were replaced by steam locomotives. These locomotives were the first locomotives to work on this coal route but steam locomotives were earlier used at Bulli Colliery from 1867 - even though the first Bulli locomotive purchased proved too heavy for the track which had previously been designed for an ingenious gravitational coal-skip incline to the jetty over four cutting and four bridges. The locomotives at Keira ceased running in 1954 when the line was closed. In 1937 Australian Iron and Steel (later a subsidiary of BHP and then BHP Billiton) acquired the colliery for its Port Kembla steelworks. Longwall mining was introduced in the 1960s. Peak production was reached in the year ending November 1979 with 770,684 tonnes. In 1982 a downturn in the steel industry resulted in 189 employees (60% of the workforce) being retrenched, resulting in a 16 day “sit-in” protest by 30, and mining finally ceased on 27 September 1991.[Wikipedia] In August 2010 No.24 Bushlands Avenue, Gordon, was placed on the market at a price of $3.6 million.[Domain] |
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The original City Markets or Sydney Markets were built on the site now occupied by the Queen Victoria Buildings. The markets were located near the Market Street Wharf in Cockle Bay, built in the 1820s. Both the wharf & the Markets were established for vessels bringing fresh produce from Parramatta to help feed Sydney. Vessels carrying produce from the Hawkesbury district and overseas presumably docked elsewhere, but their produce also ended up at the Markets. The Market Street Wharf still stands today (next to the Sydney Aquarium in Darling Harbour) and is the only wharf from that era that remains. In 1834 Governor Bourke decided to move traders in hay and grain to a site next to the new cattle market in Campbell Street, Sydney, which became known as the Haymarket, and also giving the name to the suburb today. The move created a split among stallholders at the original market. Some had regular customers among the cattlemen and hay and grain growers, and they moved to join farmers in the new Haymarket area. The food sellers and second hand dealers also did a good trade, both in the vicinity of the market house and around the Haymarket pubs. The majority, however, stayed on at the George Street market. The Sydney Market was demolished around 1890 and in 1893 construction began on its replacement, the Queen Victoria Buildings. The QVB was completed in 1898 and included coffee shops, showrooms and a concert hall. It also provided a business environment for tradesmen such as tailors, mercers, hairdressers, and florists. Those stallholders who did not fit into (or were not welcome in) the new Market moved to the split-off market in Haymarket which continues to operate today in almost the same manner as the original Sydney Market. Combining food produce, second hand goods and a wide range of 'fringe', cheap imports and 'knick knack' stalls it is today known as Paddy's Market, a Sydney institution. Today's successors to the Kippax brothers can still be found in Paddy's plying the ancient trade of poulterer, although their produce today is more along the lines of butchered chicken meat and read-to-eat poultry products.[Darling Harbour, Paddys Markets, City of Sydney Archives, Wikipedia] |
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Paddington is an inner-city, eastern suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Paddington is located 3 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and lies across the local government areas of the City of Sydney and the Municipality of Woollahra. Paddington is colloquially known as Paddo. Paddington is located primarily on the northern slope down from a ridgeline at the crest of which runs Oxford Street. Paddington is bordered to the west by Darlinghurst, to the east by Centennial Park and Woollahra, to the north by Edgecliff and Kings Cross and to the south by Moore Park. In the early 1820s, ex-convict entrepreneur and gin distiller Robert Cooper set out to build a grand Georgian estate at the top of Paddington's ridgeline, affording excellent views. He named the area Paddington after a London borough. He called the estate Juniper Hall, which remains Paddington's oldest home. The district's first cottages were built around Victoria Barracks, formerly a major army base. In the latter part of the 19th century, many terrace houses were constructed to house the city's burgeoning working population and an emerging middle class. Over time, these houses filled up almost every parcel of land, causing the suburb to become overpopulated. The unfashionable nature of the suburb continued until the mid-1960s, when gentrification took hold. At this time the area developed a bohemian aspect with a large arts community attracting creative and alternative residents. The suburb is now an example of uncoordinated urban renewal and restoration, where desirable location and heritage charm have contributed to flourishing real-estate values. Old boot-repair and linen shops have given way to designer fashion outlets and gourmet food. Since 1973, the suburb has also featured a bohemian market, conducted each Saturday in the grounds of the Paddington Uniting Church and the playground of the adjacent Paddington Public School.[Wikipedia] |
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Cecil Kippax resided at what is today the locality 'Kippaxs' about 25km due north of Wingham. The locality 'Bobin' is about midway between Kippaxs & Wingham. Kippaxs & Bobin are geographical locations and not villages or even hamlets. Bobin features a small hall and a farm. Marlee is a geographical district between Bobin & Wingham. It is the site of a church, several farms & a winery. Marlee's church, dating to the 1800s, is the closest place of worship to Bobbin & Kippaxs (was this originally Kippax's?) and several Kippax's are buried in the Marlee cemetery. Kippax is named after Cecil, who was the original settler in the valley and settled a thousand acre grant of land which was farmed by the family as a dairy farm. The original farmhouse (not the one pictured above) is still inhabited; there used to be a post office on the farm and when postcodes were first issued there was one for this post office ‘Kippax’.[565]The Kippax Valley on the North Coast of NSW is about 40 km north-west of Taree on the escarpment of the Comboyne Plateau. It is fertile volcanic country, containing several creeks including Kippax & Dingo Creeks, the later is the largest tributary of the Manning River. The country is lush and green, and abounds with wildlife. The creek is home to many colonies of platypus. The valley extends from the escarpment of the Comboyne plateau to the origins of Dingo Creek, where it arises on the Comboyne escarpment. The Killabakh Nature Reserve lies within the valley. This reserve hosts an amazingly rich fauna, which includes a significant number of threatened species. This may be attributed to the diversity of habitats within the upper Kippax Valley. These habitats range from rainforest to dry sclerophyll - depending upon the micro-environments in the valleys which feed from the Comboyne escarpment. The majority of the area contains native vegetation. Sydney blue gum (E. saligna) and tallowwood (E. microcorys) communities cover about 45% of its area. In the reserve, where these trees have been protected from logging in the early part of last century, they grow to a massive size. This is facilitated by the high rainfall resulting from the proximity of the Comboyne escarpment.[ Devon Herd] Located 331 km north-east of Sydney and 13 km north-west of Taree, Wingham is a charming and peaceful 'old world' country town which has remained largely unchanged by the tourism which has affected the townships of the nearby coastline. Wingham is the oldest town in the Manning Valley. It is situated 20 m above sea-level on the Manning River. Timbergetting has long been the mainstay of the local economy but it is now on the decline. Dairying and beef cattle are presently the area's major industries. Within the town, which functions as the district's commercial centre, are a horseshoe factory, a hydraulic engineering works, a sawmill and an abattoir. The first European settlement in the area was the Bungay estate, established by George Rowley upstream of the present townsite. Cedar-getters moved into the Manning Valley in the late 1820s and a wharf for timber collection was established at the head of navigation for the Manning River. Wingham was laid out on this spot by the government in 1843 and proclaimed the following year. It was named after a village in Kent, England. The first land sale didn't occur until 1854 and the village's development was generally very slow. Nonetheless, until it was surpassed by Taree, Wingham was the main centre of the Manning Valley. A post office and police hut were opened at Bungay in 1853 but were moved to Wingham in 1856 and a school was established in 1864. Selectors began to move into the area after the 1861 Robertson Land Act, establishing agriculture and dairying. By 1866 the village was said to have about 90 inhabitants. River transportation intensified with the need to ship the new forms of local produce and, in the 1880s, the town really began to expand. Between 1880 and 1889 the first bank opened its doors, the two present hotels were built, a post office was established and businesses such as a butcher's and general store were opened. Wingham was declared a town in 1885 and it became a municipality in 1889. In October 1900, Aboriginal outlaw Jimmy Governor was captured by a group of farmers or bush workers north of Wingham. Earlier that year he and his brother Joe had brutally murdered Sarah Mawbey, three of her daughters and schoolteacher Helena Kurz with clubs and a tomahawk at Breelong near Gilgandra. They then went on a three-month, 3200-km rampage, during which they murdered five more people, committed seven armed hold-ups and robbed 33 homes. A massive manhunt involving hundreds of policemen and trackers and 2000 volunteers initially failed to capture the men who ridiculed their pursuers by advertising their whereabouts and sending satiric letters to the police. In October a 1000-pound reward was offered and later in the month they were outlawed, meaning they could be shot on sight by anybody. Jimmy Governor was shot in the mouth to the north of Wingham by a friend of Helena Kurz and was then separated from his brother. Unable to eat due to his injury he was caught when weakened by near-starvation at Bobin Creek. Jimmy and Joe were hung in January of the following year.[SMH] |
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465 Pitt Street South, Haymarket, was located at the intersection of Pitt & Hay Streets. The building where Richard spent several decades in residence was demolished c.1890, along with the entire block, to make way for the New Belmore Markets. The Markets proved not to be a financial success (more a White Elephant) and in 1914-1916 it was converted into the Hippodrome for the Wirth Curcus. In 1928 The Hippodrome was renovated and converted into a movie theatre and re-named the Capitol Theatre. The Capitol is the oldest theatre in Sydney and one of only three "picture palaces" remaining in the world ouotside of the USA. The Capitol was restored in 1986 and is today one of Sydney's premier entertainment venues. "Prior to 1892 the site bounded by George, Campbell, Pitt & Hay Streets, containing a small 'Haymarket Building', was known as Haymarket Reserve. The site was used for 'Paddy's Market' on Saturday nights. Together with the stalls displaying all manner of wares were to be found circuses, sideshows of all descriptions, intinerant musicians, street corner missionaries, pie and green-pea vendoes and merry-go-rounds."[Capitol Theatre] 46 Goodhope Street has been demolished and replaced with a 1950s style block of flats. No.46 was probably a terrace building as are almost all period structures on the street. Haymarket is an locality of Sydney's city centre, New South Wales, Australia. It is located at the southern end of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Sydney. Haymarket also includes much of Sydney's Chinatown and Railway Square localities. Haymarket is adjacent to Darling Harbour and is surrounded by the suburbs of Ultimo, Chippendale, Surry Hills, and the Sydney CBD. Sydney's produce markets were located in Haymarket from the early 20th century through to the 1980s when they were moved to a new site at Flemington. Paddy's Markets still operate on part of the site of the vegetable markets as a produce and flea market. The outer walls of the original vegetable market, built in 1909, were preserved and restored as an example of Edwardian architecture. They were part of the original city markets - designed by city architect C. Broderick - which were bounded by Hay Street, Quay Street and Thomas Street. They were built to replace the old Belmore Market, which had failed because it was too far from Darling Harbour. The new markets included the Sydney City Markets building (Ultimo Road), designed by George McRae and built in 1910, and the Sydney Markets Bell Tower (Quay Street), built in 1911 and restored by the State Bank in 1985. The bell tower is now incorporated within the University of Technology, Sydney.[Wikipedia] |
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Forest Lodge is a small, inner-city suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Forest Lodge is located 4 kilometres south-west of the Sydney central business district and is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. It is also part of the Inner West region of Sydney. Ross Street and the intersecting St Johns Road, form the centre of the neighbourhood, with a small collection of bars, cafes and antique stores. The area is popular with students from the nearby University of Sydney and UTS. It is considered to be a quieter alternative to neighbouring Glebe, which shares many of its features. The housing stock is predominantly Victorian, a sizeable proportion of which has been converted into apartment houses in varying states of restoration. Forest Lodge was named after a house built in the area in 1836 by Ambrose Foss. The house stood on the present site of 208-210 Bridge Road until it was demolished in 1912.[Wikipedia] |